Book Reviews
Ernest Mandel's short book provides an intriguing model for analyzing the War on Islam.
Mandel's thesis is that World War Two can't be understood as a bipolar conflict
of Allies versus Axis. Instead, he argues,
The overall character of the Second World War must be grasped as a combination of five
different conflicts:
-
An inter-imperialist war fought for world hegemony and won by the United States
(though its rule would be territorially truncated by the extension of the non-capitalist
sector in Europe and Asia).
-
A
just war
of self-defense by the Soviet Union against an imperialist attempt to
colonize the country and destroy the achievements of the 1917 Revolution.
-
A just war of the Chinese people against imperialism which would develop into a
socialist revolution.
-
A just war of Asian colonial peoples against the various military powers and for
national liberation and sovereignty, which in some cases (e.g. Indochina) spilled
over into socialist revolution.
-
A just war of national liberation fought by populations of the occupied countries
of Europe, which would grow into socialist revolution (Yugoslavia and Albania) or
open civil war (Greece, North Italy). In the European East, the old order collapsed
under the dual, uneven pressure of popular aspirations and Soviet military-bureacruatic
action, whereas in the West and South bourgeois order was restored -- often against
the wishes of the masses -- by Western Allied troops.
As Mandel notes, "The exact outcome in each instance depended on the strength and
maturity of the class leaderships, the degree of importance the victors attached to a given
area or country, and their ability to impose a political settlement."
The combination Mandel emphasizes did not arise immediately. The war
began as an imperialist war of expansion, with Germany's invasion of Poland and plans to
dominate Eastern Europe. With the entrance of Britain and France, its character changed to an
inter-imperialist war for European hegemony. Germany's attack on the USSR added a new
character, at once colonial and explicitly counter-revolutionary. Pearl Harbor and
Hitler's declaration of war on America created a world-wide inter-imperialist struggle for
global hegemony. By the end of 1943 wars of national liberation had begun in
Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, France, Italy, and Indonesia, while the Chinese war
of national liberation had spilled-over into revolution. The global war of 1944 and 1945
had developed into a combination of these distinct yet intertwined
conflicts.
Mandel's analysis is a fruitful model for the War on Islam. While "War for Oil"
rhetoric may be compelling on the left, it's too simple to allow
strategic predictions of the global war's likely dynamics, where "simple" means
incognizant of the combination of distinct conflicts of which it increasingly consists:
-
An imperialist war to roll-back the international momentum of the Islamic
Revolution of 1979.
-
Just wars of national liberation fought by the peoples of Chechnya,
Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Somalia and elsewhere, unfortunately under
right-wing leaderships.
-
A just war of national liberation fought by the people of Palestine in
which centrist and right-wing currents compete for hegemony, in part
under the momentum of the Islamic Revolution.
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A colonial war of expansion fought by Israel.
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A neo-colonial war between the U.S. and Britain on the one side and Iraq on the other.
-
Just wars of national liberation fought by the peoples of the Philippines,
Columbia and elsewhere under left-wing leaderships, in which the struggles
tend toward development into socialist revolutions.
As was the case during the early stages of World War Two, these conflicts began
independently of one another. Over time, will they tend toward
global combination? I don't know.
I do know that this war will be with us for many years to come. If we can better
understand its dynamics we may be more effective in mobilizing for peace.
--
Mark Phillips,
12/9/02
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